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          植物的光合作用
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            <p>植物生理学</p>
          </div>

<a id="more"></a>

<hr>
<p>学习任务</p>
<ul>
<li>要求掌握光合作用的基本过程和机制；</li>
<li>重点掌握光合作用的光反应和碳反应两个阶段；</li>
<li>了解不同的碳同化类型以及影响光合作用的因素；</li>
<li>了解植物体内的光合作用产物；</li>
<li>掌握植物体内的同化物运输途径。</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="叶绿体色素"><a href="#叶绿体色素" class="headerlink" title="叶绿体色素"></a>叶绿体色素</h2><p>叶绿体色素的结构和性质</p>
<p>叶绿体色素的光学特性</p>
<p>叶绿体色素的荧光现象和磷光现象</p>
<p>叶绿体色素的生物合成及其与环境条件的关系</p>
<h3 id="叶绿体色素的结构和性质"><a href="#叶绿体色素的结构和性质" class="headerlink" title="叶绿体色素的结构和性质"></a>叶绿体色素的结构和性质</h3><p>叶绿体色素主要有三类：叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和藻胆素<img src="http://img.whl123456.top/image/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0.svg" alt="光合色素"></p>
<h4 id="叶绿素"><a href="#叶绿素" class="headerlink" title="叶绿素"></a>叶绿素</h4><p>【性质】叶绿素不溶于水（因为叶绿素是一种酯），溶于有机溶剂（乙醇、丙酮、石油醚），干叶必须用含水的有机溶剂抽提。</p>
<p>通常用含有少量水的有机溶剂如80%的丙酮，或者95%乙醇，或丙酮：乙醇：水=4.5:4.5:1的混合液来提取叶片中的叶绿素，用于测定叶绿素含量。之所以要用含有水的有机溶剂提取叶绿素，这是因为叶绿素与蛋白质结合牢，需要经过水解作用才能被提取出来。</p>
<p>【提取方法】：研磨法，浸提法（0.1g叶和10ml混合液浸提）</p>
<p><img src="http://img.whl123456.top/image/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0a%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%BC%8F.svg" alt="叶绿素a结构式"></p>
<p>Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ处为4个吡咯环，与Mg构成镁卟啉环（亲水的“头部”，颜色来源）</p>
<p>C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>39</sub>处为叶醇基（双萜）亲脂的“尾部”</p>
<hr>
<p>卟啉环中的镁可被H<sup>+</sup>所置换。当为H<sup>+</sup>所置换后，即形成褐色的<strong>去镁叶绿素</strong>。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>向叶绿素溶液中放入两滴5%盐酸摇匀，溶液颜色的变为褐色，形成去镁叶绿素</p>
</blockquote>
<p>去镁叶绿素中的H<sup>+</sup>再被Cu<sup>2+</sup>取代，就形成<strong>铜代叶绿素</strong>，颜色比原来的叶绿素更鲜艳稳定。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>根据这一原理可用醋酸铜处理来保存绿色标本。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>【制作绿色标本方法】：用50%醋酸溶液配制的饱和醋酸铜溶液浸渍植物标本（处理时可加热）</p>
<h4 id="类胡萝卜素"><a href="#类胡萝卜素" class="headerlink" title="类胡萝卜素"></a>类胡萝卜素</h4><p>类胡萝卜素是一类由8个异戊二烯单位组成的，含有40个碳原子的化合物。都<strong>不溶于水</strong>，而<strong>溶于有机溶剂</strong>。胡萝卜素呈橙黄色，叶黄素呈鲜黄色。四萜化合物——共轭双键体系</p>
<p><img src="http://img.whl123456.top/image/%CE%B2-%E8%83%A1%E8%90%9D%E5%8D%9C%E7%B4%A0.svg" alt="β-胡萝卜素"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.whl123456.top/image/%E5%8F%B6%E9%BB%84%E7%B4%A0.svg" alt="叶黄素"></p>
<p>全部的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素都包埋在<strong>类囊体膜</strong>中，并以非共价键与蛋白质结合在一起，组成<strong>色素蛋白复合体</strong>，各色素分子在蛋白质中按一定的规律排列和取向，以便于吸收和传递光能。</p>
<hr>
<p>分离叶绿素和类胡萝卜素——皂化反应</p>
<p>皂化分层</p>
<hr>
<p>荧光和磷光</p>
<p>叶绿素溶液在透射光下呈绿色，在反射光下呈红色（叶绿素a为血红色，叶绿素b为棕红色）的现象称为荧光（fluorecsnce）现象。</p>
<p>当叶绿素溶液停止光照后，仍能在一定的时间内放出暗红色的光，这是磷光。</p>
<p>叶绿素的能级有基态（E<sub>0</sub>），第一单线激发态（E<sub>1</sub>），第二单线激发态（E<sub>2</sub>）以及三线态（E<sub>3</sub>，两个电子的自旋方向相同）</p>
<p>被吸收光子的能量必须等于激发态和基态的能量差。</p>
<p><img src="http://img.whl123456.top/image/clip_image002.jpg" alt="色素分子吸收光后能量转变"></p>
<p>蓝紫光能量大，可使叶绿素分子中的电子跃迁到E<sub>2</sub>，而红光能量小，只能使其跃迁到E<sub>1</sub>，故叶绿体只能吸收蓝紫光和红光。</p>
<p>当叶绿素吸收蓝紫光后，能量首先以热能的形式散失到E<sub>1</sub>，再发射荧光或以热能的形式散失。</p>
<p>当叶绿素吸收红光后，可以发射荧光或以热能的形式散失。</p>
<p>故无论吸收哪一种光，叶绿素总是发射红色的荧光。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>由于分子间原子的振动和转动，每一个能级还存在着亚能级，这是叶绿素在红光和蓝紫光区吸收带较宽的原因</p>
</blockquote>
<p>E<sub>1</sub>的电子可以通过自旋反向消耗部分能量达到三线态，然后发射磷光或以热能的形式回到基态。</p>
<p>故磷光能量最低，波长比荧光更长，照射后发射所需的时间也相对较长。</p>
<hr>
<p>集光色素和作用（反应）中心色素</p>
<p>集光色素是指只吸收和传递光能，不进行光化学反应的光合色素。如，绝大部分叶绿素a，全部叶绿素b和胡萝卜素</p>
<p>作用中心色素是指直接受光激发或接受由集光色素传递而来的激发能后，发生光化学反应，并引起电荷分离的光合色素。高等植物中吸收特定波长光子的叶绿素a。在光合色素中只占很少一部分。 </p>

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